| Etymologically the vocabulary of the English | | | | classifying the borrowed stock of words.The |
| language is far from being homogenous. It | | | | borrowed stock of words may be |
| consists of two layers - the native stock of | | | | classified according to the nature of the |
| words and the borrowed stock of words. | | | | borrowing itself as borrowing proper, loans |
| Numerically the borrowed stock of words is | | | | translation and semantic |
| considerably larger than the native stock of | | | | loans.Loan translation or calque |
| words.In fact native words comprise only 30% | | | | is a phrase borrowed from another language by |
| of | | | | literal word-for-word translation.Semantic loan is |
| the total number of words in the English | | | | the borrowing of |
| vocabulary but the native words form the bulk | | | | the meaning for a word already existing in the |
| of the most frequent words actually used in | | | | English language.Latin loans are classified into the |
| speech and writing. Besides, the native words | | | | subgroups. |
| have a wider range of lexical and grammatical | | | | Early Latin loans. Those are the |
| valency, they are highly polysemantic and | | | | words which came into English language through |
| productive in forming word clusters and set | | | | the languages of the Anglo-Saxon tribes. The |
| expressions.Borrowed words or | | | | tribes had been in contact with Roman |
| loanwords are words taken from another | | | | civilization and had adopted many Latin words |
| language and modified according to the patterns | | | | denoting objects belonging to that civilization |
| of the receiving language.In many cases a | | | | long before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons |
| borrowed word especially one | | | | and Judes into Britain (e.g., cup, kitchen, |
| borrowed long ago is practically | | | | mill, wine, port).Later Latin borrowings. To this |
| indistinguishable from a native word without a | | | | group belong the words which penetrated into |
| thorough etymological analysis. The number of | | | | English language in the sixth and seventh |
| the borrowings in the vocabulary of the | | | | centuries, when the English people were |
| language and the role played by them is | | | | converted to Christianity (e.g., priest, |
| determined by the historical development of the | | | | bishop, nun, and candle).The third period of the |
| nation speaking the language.The most effective | | | | Latin |
| way of borrowing is | | | | borrowings includes words which came into |
| direct borrowing from another language as the | | | | English due to two historical events: the |
| result of the contacts with other nations. | | | | Norman Conquest and the Renaissance. Some |
| Though, a word may be also borrowed indirectly | | | | came |
| not from the source language but through | | | | to English language through French but some |
| another language.When analyzing borrowed | | | | were borrowed directly from Latin (e.g., major, |
| words one should | | | | minor, intelligent, permanent).The latest layer of |
| distinguish between two terms - source of | | | | Latin words. |
| borrowing and origin of | | | | The words of this period are mainly abstract |
| borrowing. The first term is applied to | | | | and scientific words (e.g., nylon, molecular, |
| the language from which the word was | | | | vaccine, phenomenon, and vacuum). |
| immediately borrowed and the second - to the | | | | The tendency of the English language to |
| language to which the word may be ultimately | | | | borrow extensively can be traced during the |
| traced. The closer the two interacting | | | | centuries. Thus, one can confidently claim that |
| languages are in structure the easier it is for | | | | borrowing is one of the most productive sources |
| words of one language to penetrate into the | | | | |
| other.There are different approaches to | | | | of enrichment of the English vocabulary. |